Neuroplastic changes in the neuronal networks involving the trigeminal ganglion (TG),
trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), and upper cervical spinal cord (C1/C2) are …

Cortical microglia exhibit a ramified shape during sleep, while they have a hyper-ramified
shape during wakefulness, which is characterized by their longer processes with increased …

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly susceptible to injury induced by reactive oxygen
species (ROS). During aging, mutations of mtDNA accumulate to induce dysfunction of the …

Minimal sets of transcription factors can directly reprogram somatic cells into neurons.
However, epigenetic remodeling during neuronal reprogramming has not been well …

The novel alkaloid halichlorine was isolated from Halichondria okadai Kadota and its
structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The relative stereochemistry was …

Microglia are thought to play important roles in the maintenance of neuronal circuitry and the
regulation of behavior. We found that the cortical microglia contain an intrinsic molecular …

The aim of this paper is to describe three emerging computer-aided diagnosis (CAD)
systems induced by Japanese health care needs. CAD has been developing fast in the last …

Trigeminal nerve injury is known to cause severe persistent pain in the orofacial region. This
pain is difficult to diagnose and treat. Recently, many animal studies have reported that …

Ketamine is an important analgesia clinically used for both acute and chronic pain. The
acute analgesic effects of ketamine are generally believed to be mediated by the inhibition …

Cathepsin B (CB) is a cysteine lysosomal protease implicated in a number of inflammatory
diseases. Although it is now evident that caspase‐1, an essential enzyme for maturation of …