Background The classification of pain into nociceptive and neuropathic pain is based on
characteristic symptoms and different pathophysiological mechanisms. In a recent …

Background Accumulating evidence indicates that neuropathic pain is a neuro-immune
disorder with enhanced activation of the immune system. Recent data provided proof that …

The phosphodiesterase inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX) exerts multiple beneficial
immunomodulatory effects in states of hyperinflammation. However, the exact mechanism of …

T‐cell functions must be tightly controlled to keep the balance between vital proinflammatory
activity and detrimental overactivation. MicroRNA‐146a (miR‐146a) has been identified as a …

Background Despite substantial progress, pathogenesis and therapy of chronic pain are still
the focus of many investigations. The ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has previously …

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a leading cause of disability and costs in health care
systems worldwide. Despite extensive research, the exact pathogenesis of CLBP …

Platelets are suggested to participate in the pathogenesis of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion
(I/R) injury. This study was designed to analyze platelet-endothelial cell interactions in the …

Adequate pain management of elderly patients constitutes numerous pharmacological
options including nonopioids, opioids, coanalgesics and topical agents. Due to age-related …

2. Methods The study followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, was approved by
the ethics committee of the LMU Munich, and was registered on the German Clinical Trial …

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with activation of the
complement system, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages which may lead to …