Skip to main content
Log in

What's so special about medicine?

  • Published:
Theoretical Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Health care has increasingly come to be understood as a commodity. The ethical implications of such an understanding are significant. The author argues that health care is not a commodity because health care (1) is non-proprietary, (2) serves the needs of persons who, as patients, are uniquely vulnerable, (3) essentially involves a special human relationship which ought not be bought or sold, (4) helps to define what is meant by ‘necessity’ and cannot be considered a commodity when subjected to rigorous conceptual analysis. The Oslerian conception that medicine is a calling and not a business ought to be reaffirmed by both the profession and the public. Such a conception would have significant ramifications for patient care and health care policy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lakoff G, Johnson M.Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sontag S.Illness As Metaphor. New York: Vintage, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sulmasy DP. By whose authority? Emerging issues in medical ethics.Theological Studies 1989;50:95–119.

    Google Scholar 

  4. President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical Research.Securing Access to Health Care: The Ethical Implications of Differences in the Availability of Health Services, Vol 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Plato.Republic. [Grube GMA, transl]. Indianapolis: Indiana: Hackett, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Reinhardt UE, Relman AS. For-profit health care.Health Affairs 1986;5:5–31.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Agich GJ. Medicine as business and profession.Theor Med 1990;11:311–324.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Engelhardt HT, Rie MA. Morality for the medical-industrial complex.N Engl J. Med 1988;316:1086–89.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Osler WJ. The master word in medicine. In:Aequanimitas, With Other Addresses to Physicians, Nurses, and Other Practitioners of Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1932:348–71.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Eliade M.Shamanism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1964:301–2.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gelfand M.Witch Doctor. London: Harvill Press, 1964:86–93.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Rogers Sl.The Shaman: His Symbols and His Healing Power. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1982:27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dougherty CJ. The costs of commercial medicine.Theor Med 1990;11:275–86.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Dyer AR. Professional organization of physicians: balancing the cost-quality equation.Theor Med 1989;10:185–93.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Auld DA, Bannock G, Baxter RE, Rees R.The American Dictionary of Economics. New York: Facts on File, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Pellegrino ED. Altruism, self-interest, and medical ethics.JAMA 1987; 258: 1939–40.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Fleck LM. Just health care (I): is beneficence enough?Theor Med 1989;10:167–82.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Eschenbach K, Woodward RS. Medicine as a career: choices and consequences.Theor Med 1989;10:217–29.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Edelstein L. The Hippocratic physician. In: Temkin O, Temkin CL, eds.Ancient Medicine. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967:87–110.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kudlein F. Medicine as a “liberal art” and the question of the physician's income.Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 1976;31:448–59.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Temkin O. Medical ethics and honoraria in late antiquity. In: Rosenberg CE, ed.Healing and History, New York: Science History Press, 1979:6–26.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Starr P.The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York: Basic Books, 1982:61–2.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Cassell E. The function of medicine.Hastings Cent Rep December 1977;7:16–9.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC.For the Patient's Good: The Restoration of Beneficence in Health Care. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ramsey P.The Patient As Person. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sulmasy DP. The covenant within the covenant: doctors and patients in Sirach 38:1–15.Linacre Quarterly 1988;55:14–24.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Suchman AL, Matthews DA. What makes the doctor-patient relationship therapeutic?Ann Intern Med 1988;108:125–30.

    Google Scholar 

  28. American College of Physicians Ethics Manual, Part 1. History; the patient; other physicians.Ann Intern Med 1989;111:245–52.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Peabody FW. The care of the patient.JAMA 1927;88:877–82.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Daniels N.Just Health Care. London: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Fleck LM. DRGs: justice and the invisible rationing of health care resources.J Med Phil 1987;12:165–96.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fleck LM. Just health care (II): is equality too much?Theor Med 1989;10:301–10.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Daniels N.Am I My Parents' Keeper? New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Aristotle.Metaphysics. [Apostle HG, transl]. Grinnell, Iowa: The Peripatetic Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Engelhardt HT.The Foundations of Bioethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986:36;356;362–3.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Campbell CS. Religion and moral meaning in bioethics.Hastings Cent Rep July/August 1990;20(Suppl):4–10.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Brody B. Justice and competitive markets.J Med Phil 1987;12:37–50.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Enthoven A, Kranick R. A consumer choice health plan for the 1990s. Universal health insurance in system designed to promote equality and economy.N Engl J Med 1989;320:29–37;94–101.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Halper T. DRGs and the idea of a just price.J Med Phil 1987;12:155–64.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Bagley CE. Prospective payment and medical ethics.J Med Phil 1987;12:107–22.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Mooney G. The demand for effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of health care.Theor Med 1989;10:195–205.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Menzel PT.Strong Medicine: The Ethical Rationing of Health Care. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990:37–56.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rainbolt GW. Competition and the patient-centered ethic.J Med Phil 1987;12:85–99.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Cicero. De Officiis. [Miller W, transl]. Vol XXI ofThe Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Sokolowski R. The art and science of medicine. In Pellegrino ED, Langan J, Harvey JC eds.Catholic Perspectives on Medical Morals. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989:263–75.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Flexner A.Medical Education in the United States and Canada. Boston: Merrymount, 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Brock DW, Buchanan AE. The profit motive in medicine.J Med Phil 1987;12:1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hsiao WC, Braun P, Dunn D, Becker ER, DeNicola M, Ketcham TR. Results and policy implications of the resource-based relative value study.N Engl J Med 1988;319:881–8.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Curzer H. Do physicians make too much money?Theor Med. 1992;13:43–63.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sulmasy, D.P. What's so special about medicine?. Theoretical Medicine 14, 27–42 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993986

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993986

Key words

Navigation