Facilitate the building of consensus26 33

Assist the involved individuals in clarifying their own values33 34

Facilitate the building of morally acceptable shared commitments or understanding33 34

Listen well and communicate interest, respect, support and empathy to involved parties33

Understand and represent the views and moral beliefs of involved parties to others33 36

Enable the involved parties to communicate effectively and be heard by other parties33 34

Recognise and attend to various relational barriers to communication33

Interpret, evaluate and change perspectives32

Keep distance from content38

Gather relevant data33

Clarify relevant concepts33 34

Clarify related normative issues33

Identify the need for consultation36

Help to identify a range of morally acceptable options within the context33 34

Distinguish the ethical dimensions of the case and educate parties about dimension32–34

Identify, formulate and justify a range of morally acceptable options33 34 36

Offer suggestions that improve the process and outcome of patient care26

Give substantial advice38

Be authoritarian with respect to outcome or process32 33

Advocate, defend arguments, values or principles32

Articulate problems (that are overlooked, neglected) or errors32

Refer to, rely on values/norms; ensure that identified options comport with bioethics, medical, and scholarly literature, laws and practices32 34

Development of team spirit44

Improvement of interprofessional communication18 43–45 49 50

Relief of professionals43 44

Relationship between parties45 46

Increase in confidence19

Power in and accessibility to ECC19 21 43

Costs/cost efficiency3 4 47 51 52

Ability/awareness to identify ethical issues19 45 46

Application of knowledge to case20 46

Clarification of care options18

Time to consult (response time)53 54

Number of ethical issues dealt with54

Improvement of patient outcomes26

Improvement of decision-making process4 18 26 45