Table 1

Selected studies with ethical violations

Ethical violations% of Studies# of Studies (N)
Participant selectionReported POC (either incarcerated or inpatients)2713
Incarcerated5023
Psychotic disorders157
Incarcerated and psychotic disorders63
High risk dosing schedulesHigh doses*3818
Psychedelics administered >once per week; >5 times overall4722
>1 Drug administered / in rapid succession (no rationale/hypothesis)4320
At least one of the above dosing schedules7736
Unethical treatmentDifferential treatment based on race42
Undue influence5225
No informed consent6029
A single ethical violation2110
Multiple ethical violations7033
Studies with zero ethical violations identified115
  • *That is, lysergic acid diethylamide >200 μg; psilocybin >30–35 mg (not more than 0.5 mg/kg); dimethyltryptamine >0.4 mg/kg (~30 mg); mescaline>400 mg oral.

  • POC, people of colour.