Key challenges of blockchain implementation in the biomedical sciences
| Challenges | Possible solutions |
| User-unfriendliness for identity management and user-triggered notarisation process | Many possible technical solutions; testing, trial and error; collaboration |
| Technical implementation: choice of architectures (public vs private blockchain or hybrid choice), complex flow to be handled by smart contracts | |
| Resistance to data sharing | Increasing autonomy through blockchain; moral arguments; policy and law |
| Legal aspects: Compliance with the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), hash personal data are pseudonymised data hence still personal, right to forget, Europe location for validator nodes | Mixing private and public blockchains; selective activation/silencing of nodes according to geographical or jurisdictional zone |