Coping/evasive strategies and corresponding phases in Kamin’s model
| Strategy—phase type | Strategy | Corresponding phases in Kamin’s model |
|---|---|---|
| Coping—deep | Deepening dilemmas | Stage 2: discussing ambiguities (Ad) Stage 3: linking relevant facts (Ld), interpreting text or video (LTd, LVd) |
| Reframing dilemmas | Stage 2: discussing Ad Stage 3: linking relevant facts (Ld), justification for stance (JSd) | |
| Information seeking | Stage 1: new information provided (NPd), new information sought (NId) Stage 2: discussing Ad, admitting the answer is unknown (AId) | |
| Exploring additional considerations | Stage 3: linking relevant facts (Ld), justification for stances (JHd, JSd) Stage 4: exploring practical solutions (Pd) Stage 5: performing overall synthesis (LId) | |
| Familiarisation | Stage 2: drawing on personal experience (OEd) | |
| Evasive—shallow | Denial or reduction of dilemmas | Stage 2: ignoring/exhibiting impatience with dilemmas (AIs) Stage 3: not willing to explore other possible explanations (JHs) |
| Offering an easy solution | Stage 4: offering impractical solution (Ps) | |
| Ignoring tutor’ s questions or referring to irrelevant information | Stage 1: asking for information that cannot be provided (NIs), asking for information that has already been said (NPs) Stage 2: drawing on irrelevant personal experience (OEs) Stage 3: lack of inferences from information Stage 5: lack of synthesis (Ls) | |
| Refusing to discuss dilemmas | Stage 3: unwillingness to explore other solutions/explanations for the problem (JHs), irrelevant or obscuring justification for students’ stances (JPs) | |
| Seeking contrasting/illogical information | Stage 1: complaining (NIs) Stage 5: unwillingness to assess oneself (Cs) |