Any problematic decision | Overtreatment | Undertreatment | Suppress rights | |
Age | ||||
Under 30 years | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group |
30–39 years | 0.66 (0.56–0.79)* | 0.60 (0.51–0.72)* | 0.70 (0.57–0.85)* | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) |
40–49 years | 0.42 (0.36–0.51)* | 0.30 (0.25–0.36)* | 0.50 (0.41–0.61)* | 0.53 (0.41–0.68)* |
50–63 years | 0.30 (0.25–0.35)* | 0.22 (0.18–0.26)* | 0.38 (0.31–0.47)* | 0.36 (0.28–0.47)* |
64+ years | 0.18 (0.12–0.29)* | 0.18 (0.10–0.31)* | 0.29 (0.16–0.53)* | 0.13 (0.04–0.41)* |
Female gender | 1.15 (1.07–1.25)* | 1.19 (1.09–1.31)* | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) |
Specialty | ||||
General practice | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group |
Anaesthesiology and intensive care | 1.00 (0.84–1.20) | 0.92 (0.75–1.11) | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) | 0.69 (0.51–0.94)† |
Surgery | 0.72 (0.62–0.84)* | 0.47 (0.39–0.56)* | 1.22 (1.01–1.49)† | 0.35 (0.25–0.48)* |
Otolaryngology | 0.43 (0.33–0.56)* | 0.40 (0.29–0.54)* | 0.78 (0.55–1.10) | 0.22 (0.11–0.43)* |
Obstetrics and gynaecology | 0.62 (0.52–0.75)* | 0.44 (0.36–0.55)* | 0.72 (0.56–0.93)† | 0.35 (0.24–0.52)* |
Ophthalmology | 0.35 (0.28–0.45)* | 0.20 (0.14–0.27)* | 0.86 (0.64–1.16) | 0.21 (0.11–0.38)* |
Laboratory medicine | 0.32 (0.24–0.42)* | 0.22 (0.15–0.32)* | 0.73 (0.51–1.02) | 0.34 (0.19–0.59)* |
Pathology | 0.25 (0.16–0.40)* | 0.14 (0.07–0.27)* | 0.56 (0.32–0.99)† | 0.29 (0.12–0.73)* |
Radiology | 0.41 (0.33–0.51)* | 0.41 (0.32–0.53)* | 0.52 (0.38–0.71)* | 0.26 (0.16–0.43)* |
Child and adolescent psychiatry | 1.70 (1.29–2.25)* | 0.12 (0.07–0.20)* | 3.98 (3.01–5.27)* | 1.83 (1.29–2.61)* |
Psychiatry | 1.52 (1.30–1.78)* | 0.14 (0.11–0.19)* | 2.52 (2.11–3.01)* | 2.96 (2.44–3.61)* |
Physical and rehabilitation medicine | 0.62 (0.42–0.91)† | 0.31 (0.18–0.55)* | 1.42 (0.90–2.23) | 0.37 (0.15–0.93)† |
Dermatology and allergology | 0.23 (0.16–0.33)* | 0.17 (0.10–0.27)* | 0.67 (0.44–1.04) | 0.11 (0.04–0.36)* |
Respiratory medicine and allergology | 1.14 (0.86–1.52) | 1.06 (0.79–1.44) | 1.41 (1.00–1.99) | 0.50 (0.28–0.90)† |
Paediatrics | 0.54 (0.44–0.64)* | 0.47 (0.38–0.58)* | 0.55 (0.42–0.72)* | 0.55 (0.39–0.76)* |
Neurology | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) | 0.86 (0.65–1.13) | 1.21 (0.88–1.66 | 0.66 (0.42–1.03) |
Internal medicine | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) | 0.80 (0.64–1.00)† |
Oncology | 1.20 (0.83–1.75) | 1.35 (0.92–1.97) | 0.64 (0.37–1.12) | 0.30 (0.12–0.75)* |
Occupational medicine | 0.49 (0.41–0.60)* | 0.43 (0.34–0.54)* | 0.75 (0.58–0.98)† | 0.39 (0.27–0.58)* |
No/unknown specialty | 0.71 (0.63–0.80)* | 0.62 (0.54–0.71)* | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) | 0.74 (0.61–0.91)* |
N | 12984 | 12984 | 12984 | 12984 |
*p<0.01, †p<0.05