Manifestation of the prohibition of doctor–patient sexual relationships in medical oaths
| Commitment | Medical oaths |
|---|---|
| *Version of the Hippocratic oath. | |
| Prohibition of doctor–patient sexual relationships, n = 24 (48%) | • Hippocrates (4th century bc)*5 |
| • Caraka Samhita (ad 1st century?)16 | |
| • Asaph (7th century?)16 | |
| • Convenant laid down by Hippocrates (10th century)*2 | |
| • According to Hippocrates, as sworn by a Christian (10th or 11th century)*2 | |
| • Montpellier School of Medicine (Doctorate) (12th or 13th century)17 | |
| • Hippocrates’ oath from Perotti’s translation (1454–5)*18 | |
| • Hebrew paraphrase of the Hippocratic oath (15th century)*19 | |
| • Amato Lusitano (1559)17 | |
| • Hippocrates’ oath from Lombardi’s translation (1559)*18 | |
| • Basilea Doctor (1570)20 | |
| • Hippocrates’ oath from Read’s translation*21 | |
| • Hippocrates’ oath from Lowe’s translation*21 | |
| • University of Berlin (1810)22 | |
| • Medical School, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina (1852–1956)23 | |
| • Medical School, University of Sao Paulo (1913)24 | |
| • Doctor in Medicine (1928)*25 | |
| • Medical School, University National of La Plata (1938)26 | |
| • Islamic Doctor, Kuwait Code of Medical Ethics (1981)16 | |
| • A physician of Russia (1992)*27 | |
| • Imhotep (1992)28 | |
| • Modern Hippocratic oath (1992)*13 | |
| • Hippocratic oath—the Johns Hopkins’ version (1994)*29 | |
| • ad 1995 Restatement of Hippocrates’ oath (1995)*30 | |
| Non–manifestation, n = 26 (52%) | • Royal Constitution of Sicilia (12th Century)31 |
| • Salerno School of Medicine (Doctorate) (12th or 13th century)*17 | |
| • Medical Statuto in Venezia (1258)31 | |
| • Paris School of Medicine (12th or 13th century)32 | |
| • Doctor and physician of Amberes (1456/64)33 | |
| • Lovaina Catholic University (16th century)17 | |
| • Doctors of Medical School, University of Berna (1836)34 | |
| • Glasgow Medical Students (1868)*2 | |
| • Sponsio Academica in Medicine, Edinburgh University (1873–4)35 | |
| • Medical Graduates of Aberdeen University (1888)36 | |
| • Declaration of Geneva (1948, amended 1968, 1983)*16 | |
| • Hebrew University (1952) 22 | |
| • Louis Lasagna (1963)13 | |
| • Medical Faculty of Moscow University (1964)33 | |
| • Medical Graduates, Pico Turquino (1965)37 | |
| • Soviet Physicians (1971, amended 1983)16 | |
| • Graduates in Medicine at the Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg (1976)38 | |
| • Muslim physician (1977)16 | |
| • Physician’s Commitment to Promoting the Patient’s Good (1988)39 | |
| • Yale oath (1993)13 | |
| • Stanford Affirmation (1993)*13 | |
| • Hippocrates—University of Ottawa (1993)*13 | |
| • Toronto Faculty of Medicine (1994)40 | |
| • Draft revision of the Hippocratic oath (1997)*41 | |
| • Class of 1998, Harvard Medical School42 | |
| • Medical Declaration, University of New South Wales (2001)*43 | |