RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 The morality of risks in research: reflections on Kumar JF Journal of Medical Ethics JO J Med Ethics FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Institute of Medical Ethics SP 128 OP 131 DO 10.1136/medethics-2016-103416 VO 43 IS 2 A1 Kamm, F M YR 2017 UL http://jme.bmj.com/content/43/2/128.abstract AB Reflecting on the contribution by Rahul Kumar to the symposium, I consider the following topics in relation to risks in research: (1) treating someone as a mere means; (2) aggregation; (3) different conceptions of contractualism; (4) uncertainty; (5) paternalism and complicity.