PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Cory S Harris AU - Amir Raz TI - Deliberate use of placebos in clinical practice: what we really know AID - 10.1136/medethics-2012-100695 DP - 2012 Jan 01 TA - Journal of Medical Ethics PG - medethics-2012-100695 4099 - http://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2012/05/27/medethics-2012-100695.short 4100 - http://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2012/05/27/medethics-2012-100695.full AB - Increasingly a focus of research as well as media reports and online forums, the use of placebos in clinical medicine extends beyond sugar pills and saline injections. Physician surveys conducted in various countries invariably report that placebos are routinely used clinically, impure placebos more frequently than the pure ones, and that physicians consider them to be of legitimate therapeutic value. Inconsistent study methodologies and physician conceptualisations of placebos may complicate the interpretation of survey data, but hardly negate the valuable insights these research findings provide. Because impure placebos are often not recognised as such by practitioners, they remain at the fringe of many placebo-related debates, hence quietly absent from discussions concerning policy and regulation. The apparent popularity of impure placebos used in clinical practice thus presents unresolved ethical concerns and should direct future discussion and research.