RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Health service research: the square peg in human subjects protection regulations JF Journal of Medical Ethics JO J Med Ethics FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Institute of Medical Ethics SP 118 OP 122 DO 10.1136/jme.2010.037226 VO 37 IS 2 A1 L S Gittner A1 M J Roach A1 G Kikano A1 S Grey A1 N V Dawson YR 2011 UL http://jme.bmj.com/content/37/2/118.abstract AB Protection of human participants is a fundamental facet of biomedical research. We report the activities of a health service research study in which there were three institutional review boards (IRBs), three legal departments and one research administration department providing recommendations and mandating changes in the study methods. Complying with IRB requirements can be challenging, but can also adversely affect study outcomes. Multiple protocol changes mandated from multiple IRBs created a research method that was not reflective of how substance use screening would be performed in a clinical setting. There was direct conflict between the IRBs' perceptions of participants' protection with the researchers' need to use research methodology that assures the clinical relevancy of results.