RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Between universalism and relativism: a conceptual exploration of problems in formulating and applying international biomedical ethical guidelines JF Journal of Medical Ethics JO J Med Ethics FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Institute of Medical Ethics SP 63 OP 67 DO 10.1136/jme.2003.003194 VO 30 IS 1 A1 G B Tangwa YR 2004 UL http://jme.bmj.com/content/30/1/63.abstract AB In this paper, the author attempts to explore some of the problems connected with the formulation and application of international biomedical ethical guidelines, with particular reference to Africa. Recent attempts at revising and updating some international medical ethical guidelines have been bedevilled by intractable controversies and wrangling regarding both the content and formulation. From the vantage position of relative familiarity with both African and Western contexts, and the privilege of having been involved in the revision and updating of one of the international ethical guidelines, the author reflects broadly on these issues and attempts prescribing an approach from both the theoretical and practical angles liable to mitigate, if not completely eliminate, some of the problems and difficulties.