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Indonesian concept of ikhtiar: implications for palliative care practice
  1. Raditya Bagas Wicaksono1,2,
  2. Suzanne Metselaar3,
  3. Mehrunisha Suleman4
  1. 1Department of Ethics, Law, and Humanities, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  2. 2Department of Bioethics and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia
  3. 3Department of Ethics, Law, and Humanities, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  4. 4Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  1. Correspondence to Raditya Bagas Wicaksono, Department of Ethics, Law, and Humanities, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; r.bagaswicaksono{at}amsterdamumc.nl

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Indonesia, an archipelagic country with 17 000 islands with 281 million inhabitants, is a democratic country with Islam as the major religion. Currently, Indonesia is the second country with the largest Muslim population in the world. The Islamic tradition in Indonesia has assimilated and intersected with the richness and diversity of Indonesian culture. This is reflected in the use and meaning of Islamic concepts in Indonesia, such as ikhtiar. Ikhtiar is important to Indonesian Muslims and may have profound ethical implications in palliative care situations. This makes it a relevant term to understand for healthcare professionals and adds to our vocabulary in medical ethics. This column will demonstrate the meaning and origin of ikhtiar, how it may be used in a palliative care setting, and its relationship with other concepts.

The word ikhtiar is etymologically derived from Arabic اِخْتِيَار (iḵhtiyār) and is included in the Official Dictionary of Bahasa Indonesia. It means ‘free choice’ in Arabic, emphasising the capacity of mankind to determine their own course of action rather than predestination. However, in Indonesia, ikhtiar has a more specific nuance as a verb, meaning ‘making an effort’. It denotes that, as a consequence of having free will, humans can choose the goal which they perceive to be the best, and subsequently, make an effort to reach that goal. Ikhtiar is commonly used among Indonesian …

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Footnotes

  • X @rbwicaksono, @mehrunishas

  • Contributors All authors contributed to the ideas that informed this Words column. RBW wrote an initial draft, SM and MS both contributed further ideas and provided critical feedback to refine the Words column. All authors approved the submitted manuscript. RBW accepted full responsibility for the work presented in this manuscript.

  • Funding This publication is a part of PhD project funded by Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) Scholarship, grant number 202112220808210.

  • Competing interests None declared.

  • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.