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Contributors All authors contributed equally to this work.
Funding This study was funded by Wellcome (222180/Z/20/Z and 208053/B/17/Z), SB is funded by an NIHR Academic Clinical Lectureship (CL-2022-13-001).
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.
↵A ‘carbon footprint’ is an estimate of greenhouse gas emissions associated with a particular product, process or organisation. The greenhouse gases included in a carbon footprint are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases, which are converted into CO2 equivalents according to their global warming potential. The carbon footprint of metered-dose inhalers is largely attributed to the fluorinated gases released during their use, but it also encompasses greenhouse gas emissions released during their manufacture, distribution and disposal.