Skip to main content
Log in

Winning Hearts and Minds: Using Psychology to Promote Voluntary Organ Donation

  • Published:
Health Care Analysis Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Recent psychological research concerning determinantsof and barriers to organ donation is reviewed with theintention of ascertaining acceptable and potentiallyeffective ways of improving organ retrieval. On thebasis of this review, five recommendations are made.(1) Individuals' donation wishes, where explicit,should be decisive. (2) Next of kin should witnessdonor decisions. (3) Mandated choice should replacevoluntary `opting-in'. (4) Initial donation choicesshould be repeatedly re-evaluated. (5) Those involvedin organ procurement should distance themselves frommodel of bodies as machines or gardens and embracemodels where bodies are viewed as sacred extensions ofself. In combination, these recommendations are arguedto be preferable in several ways to opt-out/presumedconsent procurement options.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arnold, R.M. and Younger, S.J. (1995) The Dead Donor Rule: Should We Stretch It, Bend It, or Abandon It? In R.M. Arnold, S.J. Younger, R. Schapiro and C. M. Spicer (Eds), Procuring Organs for Transplant: The Debate over Non-Heart-Beating Cadaver Protocols (pp. 219–234). London: John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, R.M., Younger, S.J., Schapiro, R. and Spicer, C.M. (Eds) (1995) Procuring Organs for Transplant: The Debate over Non-Heart-Beating Cadaver Protocols. London: John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banning, J.A. (1987) A Time for Reflection. Canadian Nurse 4, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, M.A., Klassen, M., MnMinimy, V. and Schwarz, L. (1989) The Role of Selfand Other-Oriented Motivation in the Organ Donation Decision. Advances in Consumer Research 14, 335–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batten, H.L. and Prottas, J.M. (1987) Kind Strangers: The Families of Organ Donors. Health Affairs 6, 35–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, R.W. (1990) Me and Thee Versus Mine and Thine: How Perceptions of the Body Influence Organ Donation and Transplanation. In J. Shanteau and R.J. Harris (Eds), Organ Donation and Transplantation: Psychological and Behavioural Factors (pp. 139–149). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkimer, J.C., Barbee, A.P., Francis, M.L., Berry, M.M., Deuser, P.S. and Pope, J.R. (1994) Effects of Refutational Messages, Thought Provocation, and Decision Deadlines on Signing to Donate Organs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24, 1735–1761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blok, G.A., vanDalen, J., Jager, K.J., Ryan, M., Wijnen, R.M.H., Wight, C., Morton, J.M., Morley, M. and Cohen, B. (1999) The European Donor Hospital Education Programme (EDHEP): Addressing the Training Needs of Doctors and Nurses Who Break Bad News, Care for the Bereaved, and Request Donation. Transplant International 12, 161–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brkljacic, T. and Balija, M. (1999) Psychological Aspects of Tissue and Organ Donation. Drustuena Istrazivanja 8, 863–879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burroughs, T.E., Hong, B.A., Kappel, D.F. and Freedman, B.K. (1998) The Stability of Family Decisions to Consent or Refuse Organ Donation: Would You Do It Again? Psychosomatic Medicine 60, 156–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J.T. and Gardner, W.L. (1993) What Underlies Medical Donor Attitudes and Behaviour? Health Psychology 12, 269–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, A.L. (1995) The Tell-Tell Heart: Public Policy and the Utilization of Non-Heart-Beating Donors. In R.M. Arnold, S.J. Younger, R. Schapiro, and C.M. Spicer (Eds), Procuring Organs for Transplant: The Debate over Non-Heart-Beating Cadaver Protocols (pp. 207–218). London: John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carducci, B.J. and Deuser, P.S. (1984) The Foot-in-the-Door Technique: Initial Request and Organ Donation. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 5, 75–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carducci, B.J., Deuser, P.S., Bauer, A., Large, M. and Ramaekers, M. (1989) An Application of the Foor in the Door Tehnique to Organ Donation. Journal of Business and Psychology 4, 245–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerney, M.S. (1993) Solving the Organ Donation Shortage by Meeting the Bereaved Family's Needs. Critical Care Nurse 13, 32–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christenson, L.E. and Fells, R.M. (1998) Utilizing Funeral/Cemetery Preneed Counselors to Increase Organ Donation. In C.S. Goodman, J.A. Karweit, K.L. Savage and M.A. Gubens (Eds), Increasing Organ Donation and Transplantation: The Challenge of Evaluation. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Conference Report. http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/health/orgdonor/conference/CONFRPT.html.

  • Cialdini, R. (1993) Influence: Science and practice (3rd edn.). New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clary, E.G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R.D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A.A., Haugen, J. and Miene, P. (1998) Understanding and Assessing the Motivations of Volunteers: A Functional Approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, 1516–1530.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeChesser, A.D. (1986) Organ Donation: The Supply/Demand Discrepancy. Heart and Lungs 15, 547–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVita, M.A., Snyder, J.V., Schapiro, R. and Spicer, C.M. (1995) In R.M. Arnold, S.J. Younger, R. Schapiro and C.M. Spicer (Eds), Procuring Organs for Transplant: The Debate over Non-Heart-Beating Cadaver Protocols (pp. 15–31). London: John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, J.M., Hanson, P., Hedge, E.E., Krom, R.A.F. and Veatch, R.M. (1993) An Evaluation of the Ethics of Presumed Consent and a Proposal Based on Required Response: A report of the Presumed Consent Subcommittee United Network for Organ Sharing Ethics Committee. United Network for Organ Sharing. http://207.86.105.205/resources/ bioethics%5Fwhitepapers%5Fpresumedconsent.htm.

  • Dukeminier, J. (1970) Supplying Organs for Transplantation. Michigan Law Review 68, 811.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin, R. (1993) Life's Dominion: An Argument about Abortion and Euthanasia. London: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Exley, C., Sim, J., Reid, N., Jackson, S. and West, N. (1996) Attitudes and Beliefs within the Sikh Community Regarding Organ Donation: A Pilot Study. Social Science and Medicine 43, 23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fellner, C.H. and Marshall, J.R. (1981) Kidney Donors Revisited. In J.P. Rushton and R.M. Sorrentino (Eds), Altruism and Helping Behaviour (pp. 351–365). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlay, I. and Dallimore, D. (1991) Your Child is Dead. British Medical Journal 302, 1524–1525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flora, J.A., Schooler, C. and Pierson, R.M. (1997) Effective Health Promotion among Communities of Colour: The Potential of Social Marketing. In M.E. Goldberg, M. Fishbein and S.E. Middlestadt (Eds), Social Marketing: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives (pp. 353–373). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogarty, J.S. (1997) Reactance Theory and Patient Noncompliance. Social Science and Medicine 45, 1277–1288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford and Smith (1991) Memorability and Persuasiveness of Organ Donation Message Strategies. American Behavioural Scientist 34, 695–711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, K.F.A. (1990) The Use of Social Marketing to Ecourage Organ Donation. In J. Shanteau and R.J. Harris (Eds), Organ Donation and Transplantation: Psychological and Behavioural Factors (pp. 159–167). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guadagnoli, E., Christiansen, C.L., DeJong, W., McNamara, P., Beasley, C., Christiansen, E. and Evanisko, M. (1999) The Public's Willingness to Discuss Their Preference for Organ Donation with Family Members. Clinical Transplantation 13(4), 342–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guadagnoli, E., McNamara, P., Evanisko, M. J., Beasley, C., Callender, C.O. and Poretsky, A. (1999) The Influence of Race on Approaching Families for Organ Donation and Their Decision to Donate. American Journal of Public Health 89, 244–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R.J., Jasper, J.D., Shanteau, J. and Smith, S.A. (1990) Organ Donation Consent Decisions by Next of Kin: An Experimental Simulation Approach. In J. Shanteau and R.J. Harris (Eds), Organ Donation and Transplantation: Psychological and Behavioural Factors (pp. 13–24). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R.J., Jasper, J.D., Lee, B.C. and Miller, K.E. (1991) Consenting to Donate Organs: Whose Wishes Carry the Most Weight? Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21, 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herz, S.E. (1999) Two Steps to Three Choices: A New Approach to Mandated Choice. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 8, 340–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hessing, D.J. (1990) The Social Dilemma of Organ Donation: Opting In or Opting Out - Is that the Question? In J. Shanteau and Harris, R.J. (Eds), Organ Donation and Transplanations: Psychological and Behavioural Factors (pp. 71–82). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton, R.L. and Horton, P.J. (1990) Knowledge Regarding Organ Donation: Identifying and Overcoming Barriers to Organ Donation. Social Science and Medicine 31, 791–800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, A. (1999) Biology Discriminates Against Groups in Need. The Telegraph, July 8, p. 6.

  • Jasper, J.D., Harris, R.J., Lee, B.C. and Miller, K.E. (1991) Organ Decision Terminology: Are We Communicating Life or Death? Health Psychology 10, 34–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, E. (1998) A Proposal for Increasing the Pool of Potential Organ Donors Through Implementation of the Spanish Model. In C.S. Goodman, J.A. Karweit, K.L. Savage, and M.A. Gubens (Eds), Increasing Organ Donation and Transplantation: The Challenge of Evaluation. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Conference Report. http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/health/orgdonor/conference/CONFRPT.html.

  • Kokkedee, W. (1992) Kidney Procurement Policies in the Eurotransplant Region. Social Science and Medicine 35, 177–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kootstra, G. and Daemen, J.-W. (1995) Procurement of Organs for Transplantation from Non-Heart-Beating Cadaver Donors in Europe. In R.M. Arnold, S.J. Younger, R. Schapiro and C.M. Spicer (Eds), Procuring Organs for Transplant: The Debate Over Non-Heart-Beating Cadaver Protocols (pp. 39–53). London: John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, A. and Snell, M. (1986) Increasing Kidney Transplantation in Britain: The Importance of Donor Cards, Public Opinion and Medical Practice. Social Science and Medicine 22, 1075–1080.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsitz, A., Kallmeyer, K., Ferguson, M. and Abas, A. (1989) Counting on Blood Donors: Increasing the Impact of Reminder Calls. Journal of Applied Psychology 19, 1057–1067.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, P. (1990) Perceptions of Mexican-Americans and Anglo-Americans Regarding Organ Donation Advertisements. In J. Shanteau and R.J. Harris (Eds), Organ Donation and Transplantation: Psychological and Behavioural Factors (pp. 97–107). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, P.E., Barnett, M.A., Harris, R.J., Shanteau, J., Skowronski, J.J. and Klassen, M.L. (1987) Psychological Factors Influencing Decisions to Donate Organs. Advances in Consumer Research 14, 331–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, P., Guadagnoli, E., Evanskio, M.J., Beasley, C., SantiagoDelphin, E.A., Callender, C.O., and Christiansen, E. (1999) Correlates of Support for Organ Donation Among Three Ethnic Groups. Clinical Transplantation 13, 45–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manninen, D. and Evans, R. (1985) Public Attitudes and Behaviour Regarding Organ Donation. Journal of the American Medical Association 253, 3111–3115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matesanz, R. (1993) Organ Procurement in Spain: the Importance of a Transplant Coordinating Network. Transplantation Proceedings 25, 681–688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathieu, D. (Ed.) (1988) Organ Substitution Technology: Ethical, Legal, and Public Policy Issues. Boulder, CO, US: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obermann, K. (1997) Some Politico-Economic Aspects of Organ Shortage in Transplantation Medicine. Social Science Medicine 46, 299–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, D.J. and Gruneberg, M.M. (1979) Some Psychological Barriers to Kidney Donation. In D.J. Osborne, M.M. Gruneberg and J.R. Eiser (Eds), Research in Psychology and Medicine, Vol. 11 (pp. 68–75). San Francisco: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overcast, T.D., Evans, R.W., Bowen, L.E., Hoe, M.M. and Livak, C.L. (1984) Problems in the Identification of Potential Organ Donors. Journal of the American Medical Association 251, 1559–1562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panorama (1980) Transplants: Are the Donors Really Dead? British Broadcasting Corporation, October.

  • Parisi, N. and Katz, I. (1986) Attitudes Towards Posthumous Organ Donation and Commitment to Donate. Health Psychology 5, 565–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, K.A. (1987) The Shortage of Cadaver Donor Organs: Can Psychology Help? American Psychologist 42, 921–930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piliavin, J.A. (1990) Role Identity and Organ donation: Some Suggestions Based on Blood Donation Research. In J. Shanteau and R.J. Harris (Eds), Organ Donation and Transplantation: Psychological and Behavioural Factors (pp. 150–158). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prottas, J. (1997) Advertising and Its Role in Organ Donation. In M.E. Goldberg, M. Fishbein and S. E. Middlestadt (Eds), Social Marketing: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives (pp. 375–385). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prottas, J. and Batten, H. (1991) The Willingness to Give: The Public and the Supply of Transplantable Organs. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 16, 121–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radecki, C.M. and Jaccard, J. (1997) Psychological Aspects of Organ Donation: A Critical Review and Synthesis of Individual and Next-of-Kin Donation Decisions. Health Psychology 16, 183–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall, T. (1991) Too Few Human Organs for Transplantation, Too Many in Need...and the Gap Widens. Journal of the American Medical Association 265, 1223–1227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, R. and Hurwitz, B. (1995) Donors' Attitudes Towards Body Donation for Dissection. The Lancet 346, 277–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, M.L., Evans, J.L., Kilgallen, C.E. and Jacobbi, L.M. (1999a) Distribution of Readiness to be an Organ Donor in a Representative Sample. Transplantation 67, S187 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, M.L., Evans, J.L., Kilgallen, C.E. and Jacobbi, L.M. (1999b) Stages and Decisional Balance for Organ Donors in a Representative Sample. Annals of Behavioural Medicine 20, S249 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, M.L., Kilgallen, C.E., Evans, J.L., Redding, C.A. and Knott, E.J. (1999c) Stages and Decisional Balance for Becoming an Organ Donor. Annals of Behavioural Medicine 20, S177 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, M.L., Levesque, D.A., Prochaska, J.O. and Velicer, W.F. (1999d) Stages and Decisional Balance for Consenting to Cadaveric Organ Donation. Annals of Behavioural Medicine 19, S99 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohr, M. and Robbins, M. (1998) The Happy Marriage of Behavioural Psychology and Organ Donation. In C.S. Goodman, J.A. Karweit, K.L. Savage and M. A. Gubens (Eds), Increasing Organ Donation and Transplantation: The Challenge of Evaluation. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Conference Report. http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/ health/orgdonor/conference/CONFRPT.html.

  • Sarason, I.G., Sarason, B.R., Slichter, S.J., Beatty, P.G., Meyer, D.M. and Bolgiano, D.C. (1993) Increasing Bone-Marrow Participation of Blood Donors in a Bone-Marrow Registry. Health Psychology 12, 272–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, D.J. (1990) A Social Psychologist Responds. In J. Shanteau and R.J. Harris (Eds), Organ Donation and Transplantation: Psychological and Behavioural Factors (pp. 202–205). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzwer, E.J., Yoon, S., Hart, J., Anderson, L., Barnes, R., Evans, D., Hartman, K., Jaekels, J., Johnson, L.B., Kuo, P.C., HoehnSaric, E., Klassen, D.K., Weir, M.R. and Bartless, S.T. (1997) Increased Living Donor Volunteer Rates with a Formal Recipient Family Education Program. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 29, 739–745.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sehgal, A.R., LeBeau, S.O. and Younger, S.J. (1997) Dialysis Patient Attitudes Toward Financial Incentives for Kidney Donation. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 29, 410–418. (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanteau, J. and Harris, R.J. (Eds) (1990) Organ donation and Transplantation: Psychological and Behavioural Factors. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanteau, J. and Kimberly, K.A. (1990) Subjective Meaning of Terms Used in Organ Donation: Analysis ofWord Associations. In J. Shanteau and R.J. Harris (Eds), Organ Donation and Transplantation: Psychological and Behavioural Factors (pp. 37–49). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanteau, J. and Skowronski, J.J. (1990) The Decision to Donate Organs: An Information-Integration Analysis. In J. Shanteau and R.J. Harris (Eds), Organ Donation and Transplantation: Psychological and Behavioural Factors (pp. 59–67). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siminoff, L.A., Arnold, R.M., Caplan, A.L., Virnig, B.A. and Selzer, D.L. (1995) Public Policy Governing Organ and Tissue Procurement in the United States: Results from the National Organ and Tissue Procurement Study. Annals of Internal Medicine 123, 10–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skowronski, J.J. (1997) On the Psychology of Organ Donation: Attitudinal and Situational Factors Related to the Willingness to be an Organ Donor. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 19, 427–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skumanich, S.A. and Kintsfather, D.P. (1996) Promoting the Organ Donor Card: A Causal Model of Persuasion Effects. Social Science and Medicine 43, 401–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.D., Kappell, D.F., Province, M.A., Hong, B.A., Robson, A.M., Dutton, S., Guzman, T., Hoff, J., Shelton, L., Cameron, E., Emerson, W., Glass, N.R., Hopkins, J. and Peterson, C. (1986) Living-Related Kidney Donors: A Multicenter Study of Donor Education, Socioeconomic Adjustment, and Rehabilitation. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 8, 223–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spital, A. (1991) The Shortage of Organs for Transplantation: Where Do We Go from Here? The New England Journal of Medicine 325, 1243–1246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sque, M. and Payne, S.A. (1996) Dissonant Loss: The Experiences of Donor Relatives. Social Science and Medicine 43, 1359–1370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sque,M., Payne, S.A. and Vlachonikolis, I. (in press) Cadaveric Donotransplantation: Nurses' Attitudes, Knowledge and Behaviour. Social Science and Medicine.

  • Stevens, M. (1998) Factors Influencing Decisions about Donation of the Brain for Research Purposes. Age and Aging 27, 623–629. (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thukral, V.K. and Cummins, G. (1990) The Vital Organ Shortage in the Year 2000: A New Problem and a New Proposal. In J. Shanteau and R.J. Harris (Eds), Organ Donation and Transplantation: Psychological and Behavioural Factors (pp. 189–196).Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tymstra, T.J., Heyink, J.W., Pruim, J. and Slooff, M.J.H. (1992) Experience of Bereaved Relatives who Granted or Refused Permission for Organ Donation. Family Practice 9, 141–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNOS (1997) Position Statement on the Subject of CBS 60 Minutes Story on Non-Heartbeating Donor Protocols. April 9. http://207.86.205/newsroom/archive-%5Fstatement%5F040997.htm.

  • Veatch, R.M. (1991) Routine Inquiry about Organ Donation - an Alternative to Presumed Consent. The New England Journal of Medicine 325, 1246–1249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veatch, R.M. (1995) Consent for Perfusion and Other Dilemmas with Organ Procurement from Non-Heart-Beating Cadavers. In R.M. Arnold, S.J. Younger, R. Schapiro and C.M. Spicer (Eds), Procuring Organs for Transplant: The Debate over Non-Heart-Beating Cadaver Protocols (pp. 195–206). London: John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veatch, R.M. (1998) Egalitarian and Maximin Theories of Justice: Directed Donation of Organs for Transplant. Journal Of Medicine and Philosophy 23, 456–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J.A., McGrath, P.J., Macdonald, N.E, Wells, G., Petrusic, W. and Nolan, B.E. (1990) Parental Attitudes Toward Pediatric Organ Donation: A Survey. Canadian Medical Association Journal 142, 1383–1387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wicklund, R.A. (1997) The Theory of Psychological Reactance: A Reliably Revolutionary Perspective. Contemporary Psychology 42, 679–681.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkel, F.W. and Huismans, S.E. (1986) Refutational Messages on Donor Cards: A Test of Boomerang Effects. Psychological Reports 59, 899–910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D.H. (1998) Survey Report: Advance Directives and Donor Card Effectiveness. United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). http://207.86.105.205/newsroom/ archive%Fsurvey%5Fcoadonorcard.htm.

  • Wright, C., Cohen, B. Roels, L. and Miranda B. (2000) Donor Action. A Quality Assurance Programme for Intensive Care Units that Increases Organ Donation. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 15, 104–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Younger, S. (1992) Organ Donation and Procurement. In J. Craven and G.M. Rodin (Eds), Psychiatric Aspects of Organ Transplantation (pp. 121–130). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Younger, S.J., Landefeld, S., Coulton, C.J., Juknialis, B.W. and Leary, M. (1989) ”Brain Death” and Organ Retrieval: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Knowledge and Concepts Among Health Professionals. Journal of the American Medical Association 261, 2205–2210.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Farsides, T. Winning Hearts and Minds: Using Psychology to Promote Voluntary Organ Donation. Health Care Analysis 8, 101–121 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009402628830

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009402628830

Navigation