Abstract
Little research has explored the child gender preferences of preadoptive parents. This study utilized a mixed-methods approach to explore child gender preferences (and individuals’ reasons for such preferences) in a geographically diverse, US sample of 93 heterosexual, 61 lesbian, and 48 gay male preadoptive couples. Heterosexual men were the least likely to demonstrate a gender preference and gay men were the most likely. Individuals in heterosexual relationships were more likely to prefer girls than individuals in same-gender relationships. In explaining their preferences, sexual minorities often emphasized gender socialization considerations (e.g., their perceived inability to socialize a child of the opposite gender) and concerns about heterosexism (e.g., some gay men preferred girls because they felt a boy would encounter more harassment).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnold, F. (1997). Gender preferences for children. Demographic and Health Surveys Comparative Studies, no. 23.
Arnold, F., & Kuo, E. (1984). The value of daughters and sons: A comparative study of gender preferences of parents. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 15, 299–318.
Bachrach, C. A., Stolley, K. S., & London, K. A. (1992). Relinquishment of premarital births: Evidence from the national survey data. Family Planning Perspectives, 24, 27–32, 48.
Brodzinsky, D., & Pinderhughes, E. (2002). Parenting and child development in adoptive families. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (pp. 279–311). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bryman, A. (2006). Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: How is it done? Qualitative Research, 6, 97–113.
Calhoun, C. (1997). Family outlaws. Philosophical Studies, 85, 181–193.
Callan, V. J., & Kee, P. K. (1981). Sons or daughters? Cross-cultural comparisons of the sex preferences of Australian, Greek, Italian, Malay, Chinese, and Indian parents in Australia and Malaysia. Population and Environment, 4, 98–108.
Carlson, H., & Steuer, J. (1985). Age, sex-role categorization, and psychological health in American homosexual and heterosexual men and women. Journal of Social Psychology, 125, 203–211.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage.
Coombs, L. C., & Fernandez, D. (1978). Husband–wife agreement about reproductive goals. Demography, 15, 57–73.
D’Angelo, R. J., McGuire, J. M., Abbott, D. W., & Sheridan, S. (1998). Homophobia and perceptions of people with AIDS. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 157–170.
Daniluk, J. C. (2001). “If we had to do it over again…”: Couples’ reflections on their experiences of infertility treatments. The Family Journal, 9, 122–133.
Gartrell, N., Hamilton, J., Banks, A., Mosbacher, D., Reed, N., Sparks, C. H., et al. (1996). The national lesbian family study: 1. Interviews with prospective mothers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 272–281.
Gates, G., & Ost, J. (2004). The lesbian and gay atlas. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
Gates, G., Badgett, M. V. L., Macomber, J. E., & Chambers, K. (2007). Adoption and foster care by gay and lesbian parents in the United States. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
Goldberg, A. E., & Allen, K. R. (2007). Lesbian mothers’ ideas and intentions about male involvement across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 352–365.
Gravois, J. (January 16, 2004). Bringing up babes: Why do adoptive parents prefer girls? Slate. Retrieved October 21, 2008 from http://www.slate.com/id/2093899/.
Greil, A., Leitko, T., & Porter, K. (1988). Infertility: His and hers. Gender & Society, 2, 172–199.
Hammer, M., & McFerran, J. (1988). Preference for sex of child: A research update. Individual Psychology, 44, 481–491.
Hank, K., & Kohler, H. P. (2003). Sex preferences for children revisited: New evidence from Germany. Population, 58, 131–143.
Herrmann-Green, L. K., & Gehring, T. M. (2007). The German lesbian family study: Planning for parenthood via donor insemination. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 3, 351–395.
Hesse-Biber, S. (1995). Unleashing Frankenstein’s monster: The use of computers in qualitative research. Studies in Qualitative Methodology, 5, 25–41.
Hicks, S. (2006). Maternal men—Perverts and deviants? Making sense of gay men as foster carers and adopters. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 2, 93–114.
Hortacsu, N., Bastug, S. S., & Muhammetberdiev, O. B. (2001). Desire for children in Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan: Son preference and perceived instrumentality for value satisfaction. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 309–321.
Jones, J. (2008). Adoption experiences of women and men and demand for children to adopt by women 18–44 years of age in the United States, 2002. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 23, Number 27.
Juni, S., Rahamim, E. L., & Brannon, R. (1985). Sex role development as a function of parent models and oedipal fixation. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 146, 89–99.
Kane, E. (2006). “No way my boys are going to be like that!”: Parents’ responses to children’s gender nonconformity. Gender & Society, 20, 149–176.
Katzev, A. R., Warner, R. L., & Acock, A. C. (1994). Girls or boys? Relationship of child gender to marital instability. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 89–100.
Kreider, R. (2003). Adopted children and stepchildren, 2000. Census 2000, special reports. Washington, DC: US Bureau of Census.
Marleau, J. D., & Saucier, J. F. (2002). Preference for a first-born boy in western societies. Journal of Biosocial Science, 34, 13–27.
Matthews, J., & Cramer, E. (2006). Envisaging the adoption process to strengthen gay and lesbian headed families: Recommendations for adoption professionals. Child Welfare, 85, 317–340.
McDougall, J., DeWit, D. J., & Ebanks, G. E. (1999). Parental preferences for sex of children in Canada. Sex Roles, 41, 615–626.
Meyers, L. W., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Notman, M. K. (2006). Mothers and daughters as adults. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 26, 137–153.
Okun, B. S. (1996). Sex preferences, family planning and fertility. An Israeli subpopulation in. transition. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 469–475.
Oomman, N., & Ganatra, B. R. (2002). Sex selection: The systematic elimination of girls. Reproductive Health Matters, 10, 184–187.
Parry, D. C. (2005). Women’s experiences with infertility: The fluidity of conceptualizations of ‘family.’. Qualitative Sociology, 28, 275–291.
Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Pollard, M. S., & Morgan, S. P. (2002). Emerging parental gender indifference? Sex composition of children and the third birth. American Sociological Review, 67, 600–613.
Raley, S., & Bianchi, S. (2006). Sons, daughters, and family processes: Does gender of children matter? Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 401–421.
Steinbacher, R., & Gilroy, F. (1985). Preference for sex of child among primiparous women. The Journal of Psychology, 119, 541–547.
Steinbacher, R., & Gilroy, F. (1990). Sex selection technology: A prediction of its use and effect. The Journal of Psychology, 124, 283–288.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Swetkis, D., Gilroy, F., & Steinbacher, R. (2002). Firstborn preference and attitudes toward using sex selection technology. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 163, 228–238.
Tasker, F., & Golombok, S. (1997). Growing up in a lesbian family: Effects on child development. New York: Guilford.
Walker, M. K., & Conner, G. K. (1993). Fetal sex preference of second-trimester gravidas. Journal of Nurse Midwifery, 38, 110–113.
Warren, M. (1985). Gendercide: The implications of sex selection. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld.
Williamson, N. (1976). Sex preferences, sex control, and the status of women. Signs, 1, 847–862.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Goldberg, A.E. Heterosexual, Lesbian, and Gay Preadoptive Parents’ Preferences About Child Gender. Sex Roles 61, 55–71 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9598-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9598-4