Table 1

Analgesics listed in the WHO pain ladder and lecture version

WHO pain relief ladder13‘Modified WHO analgesic ladder’
Step 1Non-opioids±adjuvantsAspirin, paracetamolAcetaminophen, aspirin, NSAIDS
Step 2Mild or weak opioids±non-opioids±adjuvantsCodeineTramadol, codeine, oxycodone
Step 3Strong opioids±non-opioids±adjuvantsMorphineHydromorphone, morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, buprenorphine
  • NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.