Amsterdam1 | 1998 | Yes | Videotaped history taking; specific tool | Clinical | Both | Clinicians; nurses; medical psychology | NS | Yes | NS |
Maastricht19 | | Yes | Simulated patient IV; specific tool | All | Both | Clinicians; preclinical teachers | Admin burden | Yes | NS |
San Francisco16 | 1995 | Yes | Specific tool | Clinical; future to include preclinical | Summative | Faculty clinicians | Time constraints; student concerns re fairness; notification in student files; faculty acceptance | | |
New Mexico31 | 1987 | NS | Specific tool | All | Incident related only | Science faculty; faculty clinicians; admin staff | NS | Potential, but not formal plan or structure | |
McMaster30 | 1984 | Yes | Specific tool | All | Summative | NS | Legal appeals; reluctance by tutors to give negative reports | Yes | NS |