Elsevier

The Lancet

Volume 344, Issue 8930, 22 October 1994, Pages 1140-1142
The Lancet

Placebo in medicine
Surgery as a placebo

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90637-8Get rights and content

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    Second, the risk posed to the sham arm by the placebo intervention itself, knowing there is no clinical benefit, is of dubious ethical justification. Third, the use of active misleading aimed at making patients believe that they are receiving the actual intervention, when they are in fact not, is of ethical concern.21,22 Finally, some sham controls with partial cross-over design decrease scientific validity by introducing perverse incentives.

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