Placebo in medicineSurgery as a placebo
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Pain, placebo, and test of treatment efficacy: a narrative review
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2018, Integrative Medicine: Fourth EditionRandomized sham-controlled trials in endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events
2017, Gastrointestinal EndoscopyCitation Excerpt :Second, the risk posed to the sham arm by the placebo intervention itself, knowing there is no clinical benefit, is of dubious ethical justification. Third, the use of active misleading aimed at making patients believe that they are receiving the actual intervention, when they are in fact not, is of ethical concern.21,22 Finally, some sham controls with partial cross-over design decrease scientific validity by introducing perverse incentives.
Critical review of sham surgery clinical trials: Confounding factors analysis
2016, Annals of Medicine and SurgeryCitation Excerpt :This process can be biased because influenced by the enthusiasm, skill, and prominence of the surgeon reporting the results and by their selection of patients for treatment [2]. A double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial is recognized as the gold standard of clinical research [3–19]. “Trial” is from Anglo-French “trier”, meaning “to try”, referring to the action or process of putting something to test or proof at the bedside of the patient.
The Ethics of Single-Blind Trials in Biomedicine
2016, Blinding as a Solution to Bias: Strengthening Biomedical Science, Forensic Science, and Law